Sputtering targets are materials used in thin-film deposition processes to create coatings on substrates. They are used in industries like semiconductors, optics, photovoltaics, and electronics.

Evaporation materials are used in Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes, where materials are heated and evaporated to form a thin film on a substrate. These are critical for applications in optics, wear protection, and decorative coatings.

Boat crucibles are used as containers for evaporation materials during PVD processes. They help to uniformly evaporate materials onto the substrate for thin film formation.

Sputtering uses energetic particles to eject material from a target, while evaporation involves heating a material until it vaporizes and deposits on a substrate. Both are common methods in Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) for creating thin films.